WEEK 12: APPLICATION OF THINKING II

Creativity:

ü  Involves the production of novel and useful products according to Mumford

Creative thinking:

ü  Thinking through the capability to think in a different way applied to the finding of

                                                                                  i.            Techniques and devices

                                                                                ii.            New artistic expression

                                                                               iii.            New solutions to problem

Aspects of creativity:

ü  Process; thought mechanism for creative thinking

ü  Product; novel created that meets the need

ü  Place; having a intellectual habits

ü  Person; the circumstances which creativity flourish

Six thinking hats:

ü  Founder; Edward De Bono

Six thinking hats styles:

ü  White:

·         Conveys information only and it’s not make any judgement

ü  Red:

·         It represents anger

ü  Black:

·         Gloomy and negative

·         Prevents mistake by urging cautions

ü  Yellow:

·         Based on logical constructive thoughts; it has optimism looking for potential benefits.

ü  Green:

·         Symbol of vegetation

·         Generating new ideas

ü  Blue:

·         The sky; bird’s eye view to the thinking process and can look at the higher, wider to see the problem pattern.

Force fitting technique:

ü  It is a method that can be use to force the mind to make creative leaps

ü  If we have abundance of ideas which are load dumping, we use force fitting technique.

Type of force fitting techniques:

Free association:

ü  Write on the black board a symbol such as a number or a picture that may relate to the problem.

ü  Ask the group to think something associated with the symbol.

ü  Jot down what they say

ü  Some responses may not have anything to do with the problem

ü  Continue this process until the ideas related to the problem begin to emerge

ü  The idea becomes part of the brainstorms solutions and to be short listed for our reference

ü  Lastly, resume the previous approach to brainstorm

Force – fitting game:

ü  Create two teams and provide them problem definition statement

ü  Team A tells the idea which is not completely related to the problem

ü  Team B gives an idea into a good practical solution for the original problem

ü  If team B succeed, they will get the point. If not, the team A will get the point.

Bionics:

VS

ü  Is catered for starting creative thinking by using analogy

ü  Look for relationships between problem a and solution in nature that could be similar to the problem that you are facing in the manmade world

WEEK 11: APPLICATION OF THINKING PART I

Problem solving:

Ø  Process of working through details of problem (ethical dilemma)

Ø  May include some systematic operation and individuals critical thinking skills

DAID model brain storming technique:

·         Applying 4 step of DAID model:

Ø  Define

Ø  Analyse

Ø  Identify

Ø  Decide

·         Developing problem statement:

Ø  Use as few words as possible

Ø  Use your own words

·         The Kepner – Tregoe Analysis:

Ø  Exploring least of questions when analysing a problem

·         Why we need to brainstorm?

Ø  To find innovative solutions to create opportunity

Ø  Leverage individuals creativity

·         Brainstorming requirements:

Ø  Work as a team

Ø  Having a  good tools to present ideas (eg: white board)

Ø  Middle person as a facilitator to make sure everyone speak out their opinion

Ø  Hire a note taker

WEEK 10: THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT THE MEDIA

Suggestion in media:     

      Electronic media

      Print media

Mass media:

      Intended to inform, entertain or convince large audience (Eg; talk show)

News media:

      Acts as hub agent, bridge among us and the world of events occurring around us.

Selection of issues:

      To catch the attention and entertain viewers – sensationalism; exciting events

Time factor:

      Placement of stories – audience will take it seriously by big influence on the new cast coverage.

      Quantity of time coverage – discuss like chalk and cheese side of the issues

The use of language:

      Affecting audience view of those issues.

Non verbal of clothing:

      Creating a sense of brand towards the person. For the example; Doctor OZ wears a surgery outfit.

Camera angle and distance:

      Influencing the audience

Suggesting in print media:

      Having the responsibility to speak for the whole community and to be aware to every piece of it.

Use of headlines:

      Many readers are scares. They want to see the highlights of the issue first.

Photo composition:

      Subtle manoeuvring giving viewers a sense of a common scene

ADVERTISING

Common advertising ploys:

      Humor

      Catchy slogans

      Emotive languages

      Anxiety ads

      Feel good ads

      Weasel words

      Fine print disclaimer

      Sex appeal

      Celebrity endorsement

Media literacy

      Empowers people to be creative and be critical of using image, language and sound. With this literacy skill, it could be an impact to humans in this 21^st century.

WEEK 9: EVALUATING SOURCE OF EVIDENCE

·         Primary and secondary source:

v  Primary – start off from the time and place of the event

v  Secondary – written about the event (later)

·         Searching for evidence:

v  Using the references – foundation material does exist. It enclose what the author state

v  Leading questions – where can i discover that information

·         Authenticity and Validity:

v  Authenticity – can be verify that the say is right

v  Validity – proof may not be convincing if it is not genuine, it meets the requirement agreed.

·         Currency and reliability:

v  Currency – still applicable in the current. Eg: published recently.

v  Reliability – if proof is trustworthy, it can be trusted especially from someone you know to be trustworthy or from a recognise expert.

·         Relevant and irrelevant evidence:

v  Relevant – gives a good understanding of the issue, it may be so by having supports for the conclusion.

·         Representative Sample:

v  Features of that person can be used to signify other individuals.

·         Sampling:

v  Having major dissimilarity among individual

·         Representative Sample:

v  Making conclusion about the whole inhabitants based on a few people

·         Certainty and Probability:

v  Certainty – arguments cannot always be proving 100% certainty.

v  Probability – whether the conclusion are likely to follow from the reasoning and supporting evidence.

·         Generalization:

v  Concluding that the say is true about a group based on what we find out from the sample (group of people)

·         Variation in a population:

v  The larger the variance between the samples, the overview result will become less trustworthy.

·         Risk:

v  The lower the risk, the lesser sample size and rate needed before someone can start overview.

·         Analogy and generalization:

v  Both of this argument having a common. They begin with a sample, identify properties of that sample, and conclude that the sample is shared by others.

·         Triangulation:

v  Examine and evaluate different sets of proof to see whether they hold each other or whether they oppose each other.

WEEK 8: FALLACY

BAD ARGUMENT 

·         Ad hominem (attack):

ü  Ad hominem abusive

ü  Ad hominem circumstantial

ü  Tu Quo Que

·         Ad populum fallacies:

ü  Appeal to fear

ü  Appeal to pity

ü  Appeal to shame

ü  Appeal to vanity

ü  Appeal to authority (celebrity)

ü  Appeal to ignorance

ü  Appeal to spite

ü Appeal to common belief

ü Appeal to practice

ü Appeal to tradition

·         Petito Principii (avoiding argument)

ü  Begging the question

ü  Cicular argument

ü  Red – herring fallacy

WEEK 7: ANALOGICAL AND CAUSAL ARGUMENT

Anology:

Prepared to draw out some similarities among TWO possessions.

Anological Arguments

Using “analogies” to verify something or to support an argument. It is also a type of inductive argument, one premise of which points out a similarity among two kinds of things.

Casual Relationship & Casual Arguments

Causal link

Imperfect reasoning to assume that because two things are created together, or take place at the same time, there must have be a causal link.

Overlooking a common cause

Example:  If I get a cough, sooner enough I shall get a fever. But what does the cough got to do fever?

Tracing the backwards (Reverse cause/effect)

Example: If we watching TV too closely, soon we will get bad sight disease.

Looking too hard for a cause

Example: Im wearing my favorite jersey today and my team definitely will win tonight!

Correlation

Two things or events are clearly linked, where you will find X, you will find Y. 

Example: As the temperature increases, the number of ice cream sold increases.

Fallacies:

Causal

Post Hoc Fallacy: without evidence event A occurred before event B

Slippery slope: we cannot allow A , because A will lead to B, and B will lead C, you don’t want to have C

Generalization

Hasty generalization:  I was passed by a woman driving recklessly, which means all women are driving recklessly.

Sweeping generalization:  My girlfriend treats her parents well; she must be a bighearted person too.

False dilemma: The arguer claims there are only two relevant choices, but in fact, there are more than 2.

False analogy: When the arguer contrast two things that are not really comparable *didn’t make any sense*

WEEK 6: VALIDITY AND GOOD ARGUMENT

General deductive reason:

General Information (BIG) to Specific Conclusion (small)

Example:  All birds can fly. Ciki is a bird, therefore it can fly. *VALID*

But sometime this premises might be wrong. because maybe ciki wings is broken so it couldnt fly.

Inductive argument 

Specific Information (small) to General Information (BIG)

Example:  

Statistical Argument- rests on statistical evidence results

Not only that, predictive argument is that has a conclusion , a prediction in the future that will happen.

WEEK 5: THE NEED FOR PRECISION LANGUAGE

Vague Sentences:
It is unclear ideas on what the speaker intended to convey. It might be because of the confusion on context, imprecise choice of words, regional / culture and even the standart uncertainty.
Vague sentences make you go.....

Standart:

The acknowledge measure of comparison for quantitative or qualitative value.

Example: MMU is the best. WHY?

Top private university in Malaysia

Employer's choice

Top 10 in Asian Private University

Quality Graduates

Regional or cultural:

Malaysian boy: Hey, we should meet today to complete our assignment lah!

Arabian boy: huh? assignment lah? 

Choice of words:

Kids nowadays: tit3w ta cuke datang skewl (Kita tak suka datang sekolah)

Context: written /spoken  material that surrounds a statement , the settings or circumstances in which an event occurs.

Ambigious sentence: 2 or a few ways, obvious way a sentence could be understood as a claim.

Euphemisms: choosing a word that is better to be sound at the correct place ,object and concept.
Dysphemisms: choosing the word to sound worse.

Objectivity: could be true of what anyone or any group think , believe or feels.

Subjectivity: claim that is intended to describe something that is unique to the speaker. Besides, Fact means that it can be proven as true based on the objective evidence.

Opinion: feeling, belief, or conclusion that cannot be proven true by objective evidence.